The First Person With Autism - 1834 Words

I grew up in Armenia, where, unfortunately, people with mental disabilities didn’t have a big role in society. The situation is changing to the better now, but when I lived there, there were no support groups for these people, no special schools, and the parents didn’t even hope that these kids could have a normal life. The first person with Autism that I’ve met was a little girl at my mom’s friend’s house. Being around 10 years old myself, I didn’t know much about autism or any mental disorders. All I knew was that girl was different from me, that she was too aggressive, and when she wanted to play with a fake phone, she started screaming until we gave it to her. My mom later explained to me what her disability was, and I thought she was†¦show more content†¦The society, regular people like me are also doing everything in their power to make the lives of people with ASD more â€Å"normal,† and to make the struggle with the di sease easier. I’ve also had the opportunity to work with a child with ASD during a â€Å"Spirits in Actions† event, organized by the accounting fraternity Beta Alpha Psi at USC. So meeting that little girl with Autism when I was young has sparked an interest in me about Autism, its treatment, and most of all, about the lives of those with the disease, which is why I decided to do more research and to write this paper about that disease. When speaking about Autism, the image that usually comes to people’s minds is someone who doesn’t interact with others, doesn’t show emotions, and is a genius in some field of science or music. Though this might by the true picture of a person with autism, symptoms of people with Autism Spectrum Disorder can vary greatly. The main characteristics of ASD are: hardships in social behavior, repetitive behavior, interests in a specific subject or subject area, which cause â€Å"significant impairment in social, occupat ional, or other important areas of current functioning.† ASD should be noticeable in the first couple of years of a child’s life. In the US, about 1 in every 68 children has ASD, boys being affected 4 to 5 times more than girls (nimh.nih.gov). The fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of mental Disorders,

My Philosophy Of Teaching - 752 Words

Teaching means giving students the skills to succeed in their future endeavors. I believe that teaching is an opportunity to change the world one student at a time and is one of the most important jobs available to regular people. Being a teacher is a blessing and having the opportunity to work with amazing kids is my dream. I have a special connection with kids and a way of influencing their understanding, which is one of the most valuable skills I have to offer. I teach because children are amazing and they inspire me to reach for the stars, they remind me that anything is possible. I teach because I know that every child has the potential to be great and teaching gives me the opportunity to help them find their path to success. I†¦show more content†¦Learning the basics and mastering one thing at a time is a method I firmly believe in and it has helped me and my students in mastering skills that where once just a wish. Loving what I do and a enjoying it as often as po ssible is a habit that has brought much joy and success in my experience. I dont sweat the small stuff but take the important stuff very serious and dedicate everything to its success. From my experience, the best way to reach all students from all backgrounds is to use an all-inclusive system that encourages students to learn from each other and through group participation. I will support all students in their pursuit of personal mastery while meeting state standards and encouraging personal growth. My teaching style will be an authoritative student-centered approach that focuses on respect and cohesion. Knowing that I can overcome adversity is an attitude that has helped me be successful, whether it be in school, work, sports or in life, I know that if I give it my complete effort, I can succeed. If Im behind or down, I work harder or practice more. I never give up or quit cause I can always come back. This is the attitude that has helped me to become the person I am today. I bel ieve its important to be honest, hardworking and loyal. Dont be too hard on yourself or your team. Know your place and know who you are. Dont be afraid to fail cause if your smart you will learn something and never regret the experience cause it taught youShow MoreRelatedMy Philosophy Of Teaching Philosophy911 Words   |  4 PagesTeaching Philosophy When I think about my teaching philosophy, I think of a quote by Nikos Kazantzakis, Greek writer and philosopher. Kazantzakis states, â€Å"True teachers are those who use themselves as bridges over which they invite their students to cross; then, having facilitated their crossing, joyfully collapse, encouraging them to create their own.† In my classroom, I will provide an environment that shows I am a â€Å"true teacher.† Philosophy of Discipline I believe that children learn best andRead MoreMy Philosophy : My Teaching Philosophy893 Words   |  4 PagesMy Teaching Philosophy Since Koreans started to learn English, thousands of people have struggled to master the language. Parents currently invest a lot of money and their children spend enormous amounts of time studying English as government suggests new language policies. However, proper verification and investigation of those policies have not been done yet and the outlet is really not promising (Suh, 2007). Most Korean students study English for tests. The purpose of English is so focused onRead MoreMy Philosophy Of Teaching For Teaching932 Words   |  4 PagesWhen I was learning about teaching in college classes my philosophy of education was different than when I actually started doing my student teaching. As soon as a teacher enters the classroom, it should be his/her second home. Teaching is a field of occupation where teacher needs have these two personality traits: patience and flexibility. Not all teachers are same thus each has their unique way of teaching students. My philosophy for teaching is very simple and fair. I would like to incorporateRead MoreMy Teaching Philosophy : My Personal Philosophy Of Teaching932 Words   |  4 Pages This is my personal philosophy of teaching. This is my belief about teaching and learning and how I will put my beliefs into classroom practices. First and foremost, the purpose of education is to educate students so that they can be ready for the real world. It should prepare students for life, work, and citizenship. To do this, education should teach one to think creatively and productively. In addition to preparing students for the real world, all students should be able to read and comprehendRead MoreTeaching Philosophy : My Philosophy1100 Words   |  5 PagesTeaching Philosophy: Lauren Gross EDUC 120 Learn to Teach, Learn to Learn. / Use the past to teach the future ( That is my philosophy) Theory helps teachers think about what we experience and furthermore to teach and learn about how we, as educators, learn. Teachers should be supportive and cooperative, teachers should play the role of a friend, but also stealthily act in the role of advisor or guide for students. 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Schools were founded on the primary principle of teaching values to students as well as educating them academically. While values have been removed from the curriculum, I still believe much of what we do as teachers is instilling values in our students. As educators,Read MoreMy Teaching Philosophy1217 Words   |  5 Pagesis at the elementary school level. My current goal is to either teach the 4th or 5th grade level. Moreover, throughout the semester I have read about or seen different philosophies through the observations I have done throughout the semester. While reading chapter 6 in the class text I thought to myself, as an educator what will be teaching philosophy that best suited my beliefs. Moreover, in chapter 6 there was a test where one would figure out their phil osophy according to the test result. 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As critical thinkers, my students will be able to make reasoned judgements that are logical and well thought out. My students will not just passively accept arguments and conclusions; my students will be equipped to question

Globalization and Its Affects Free Essays

Globalization is the process of growing integration of economies and societies around the world. It refers to economic globalization through  trade,  foreign direct investment, capital flows,  migration and the spread of technology. The principle of globalization is free markets, reduction of barriers in exchanging and trading goods,  which makes  the specialization in export-import. We will write a custom essay sample on Globalization and Its Affects or any similar topic only for you Order Now However, globalization has not only positive, but  also  negative  effects. Firstly,  it  is  necessary to mention that globalization  makes  our society  develop. It helps to share   ideas and innovations. Globalization  has an  impact on economic growth in the world. An impact of Foreign Direct Investment on economic growth has had a positive growth effect in wealthy countries and  has led to an increase  in trade resulting in higher growth rates. On the other hand, many firms from developed countries outsourced their manufacturing to so-called third world countries, where  the labour  costs are  low. Workers from developed countries are  not happy about that, because they feel that  their jobs are  taken from them. Another problem of globalization and outsourcing is that it encourages slavery and child labour. Furthermore, I  would  Ã‚  like to add that people become more social when there  are  no borders between countries. They can move freely from state to state, share their ideas and beliefs. In everyday life we feel an impact of globalization as we  can  enjoy foreign cuisines, music, art, movies or even learn foreign languages. However, globalization  causes  Ã‚  huge damage to national culture, because we  are greatly influenced by  more developed countries and we cannot  resist it. It  is  known  that globalization is about sharing novelties. Medicine and health care  are  improving all the time. Globalization helps doctors and scientists from all over the world share ideas and even work together so  that  they can reach better results and make new discoveries. However, globalization  is thought to have contributed to the  spread  of  diseases, especially AIDS. When it appeared in  the  USA, it was known just in some African states. Owing to the process  of globalization and colonization,  it  has  spread in the whole world. On balance, globalization is spreading rapidly in  contemporary  world. It improves economic  ties  between countries and helps to create  a  barrier-free trading system. Although it  has beneficial  influence  on  economy, globalization makes  an adverse  impact on culture and traditions. How to cite Globalization and Its Affects, Papers

Project Management Case Study on RALS

Question: Describe about the Project Management for Case Study on RALS. Answer: Part 1: Team Name/ Team/ Description Name of Project: Riverina Agriculture and Lifestyle Show Rostering System Project Start Date October 14, 2016 Team Member Contact Details Rusiru Dharmawansa (02) 2622 66985; rusiru.dharmawansa@gmail.com; Shital Mainali (02) 2366 7445; shital.mainali @ gmail.com; Akruti Jagdishchandra Patel (02) 2398 1299; akruti.jagdishchandra.patel@gmail.com; Overview of the Project: The aim of the undertaken project is to develop a system for the Globex Corporation, that allows computerizes, automated, easy monitoring and management of the volunteers working on the Riverina Agriculture and Lifestyle Show. Project Description: Globex Co-corporation is responsible for the organization and management of the Riverina Agriculture and Lifestyle Show for appreciating and demonstrating the lifestyle of the farmers and their achievements. This show is being organized every year in November by Globex. The proper coordination and effective management of the show is completely depended on the various volunteers who works during the show. In the recent years, the number of volunteers have increased making it difficult for the Globex to manage them manually. Therefore, Globex has consulted Virtucon for developing a project management plan for the development of the computerized rostering system that will make the rostering and managing volunteer during the RALS show more easy and effective. In addition to that, the rostering system would be able to store information about the volunteers and allocate task depending on their criteria of experience. Team Charter Skills and Knowledge Inventory Name of Member Role in the project Skills and knowledge Rusiru Dharmawansa Project Manager Organization, Team Management, Leadership, Risk Management, Negotiation, Communication Shital Mainali Software Developer Business Knowledge, Technical Knowledge, Problem Solving, interpersonal Skills, risk assessment, risk identification, Optimized Coding, Error rectification Akruti Jagdishchandra Patel Software Tester Business Savvy, Analytical Skills, Thinking Skills, logical understanding, interpersonal Skills, risk assessment, risk identification, Error rectification skills Akruti Jagdishchandra Patel Business Analyst Decision Making Skills, Technical Knowledge, Conceptual modeling, Analytical Skills, Persuasion, Marketing, Change Management; Shital Mainali Software designer Graphical Knowledge, Creativity, valuing customer requirements; Roles and Responsibility Team Member Name Roles Responsibility Project Manager Rusiru Dharmawansa The project manager for the development of the rostering system project is responsible for effectively managing the team members and ensuring the proper standard being followed in the development. For proper monitoring and allocation of the technical and financial resources in the development of the rostering system; For ensuring the team member is following the proper scheduling for completing the project on time; Software Developer Shital Mainali Review and provide a feasibility study for developing the rostering system for the RALS festival; To prepare the various functional module for implementing the operational requirement of the system; To code the operational functionality of the application; To develop and review a prototype of the rostering system application for RALS; Software Tester Akruti Jagdishchandra Patel Responsible for developing the test cases for verification of the application; Conducting the system test and software test for ensuring the effective operational functionality of the system; Create and verify the criteria for acceptance of the developed rostering system application for RALS; Business Analyst Akruti Jagdishchandra Patel For understanding and evaluating the need of the RALS and Globex; Providing the visualization of the schedule, budget, profitability of the rostering system application; Ensuring the business requirements and considered and effectively implemented in the rostering system project; Software designer Shital Mainali To understand and evaluate the user requirements for developing the appropriate UI; To develop the interface for ease of access of the rostering system application; Team Communication Team Member Location Meeting Times Ways of communication Information Stored/Documented Rusiru Dharmawansa University or other pace on mutual understanding 10:00 am to 7:00 pm Verbal and written communication, email, face-to-face meeting, phone Written on paper or demented on softcopy; Shital Mainali University or other pace on mutual understanding 10:00 am to 7:00 pm Verbal and written communication, email, face-to-face meeting, phone Written on paper or demented on softcopy; Akruti Jagdishchandra Patel University or other pace on mutual understanding 10:00 am to 7:00 pm Verbal and written communication, email, face-to-face meeting, phone Written on paper or demented on softcopy; Team Rules and Expectation Team rules and expectation in project is one of the most essential factor that determines the strength and co-ordination of the team as a whole. Positive Experience of working in a team: Working in a project as a team with different members allows in gathering and applying different experience and specialty in a project. in addition to that, team work allows in breaking the whole task in smaller activities and dividing the pressures and work load for effective completion of the entire project within provided time. Negative Experience of working in a team: One of the most negative impact of working in team is the personal conflict between the team members that hinders the progress and completion of the undertaken project. In addition to that, the conflict of beliefs, and ideas in the project also creates inefficient project. Goal of the team: The vital goal identified in the project is to respect team members ideas, beliefs and work with mutual understanding for the completion of the rostering system before the next RALS show; Value of the Team: All the team members needs to value individual thoughts, idea, honesty, hard work, mutual understanding and commitment for completing the undertaken project. Statement of Team Value: Understanding, commitment, honesty, punctuality, hard work, and sharing experience is the key for delivering the requirement of the project in provided budget and time. Code of ethics: All the team members will be following a particular code of ethics for providing required standard and process to the developed rostering system; Rules and Exception: Each team member is expected to completed his part of the task as assigned in the project. In addition to that, the team members should follow the project schedule for completing the project on time. Signatures Name Date Signature Rusiru Dharmawansa October 14, 2016 Rusiru Dharmawansa Shital Mainali October 14, 2016 Shital Mainali Akruti Jagdishchandra Patel October 14, 2016 Akruti Jagdishchandra Patel Part 2: Learning Cycles Time Phase of the Project Scribe Organizer Mode of communication While verifying the project and business requirements of RALS Evaluation Phase Shital Mainali Rusiru Dharmawansa, Akruti Jagdishchandra Patel Verbal and written communication, email, face-to-face meeting, phone While evaluating and accessing the risks involved with the project Extension Phase Rusiru Dharmawansa, Akruti Jagdishchandra Patel Shital Mainali Verbal and written communication, email, face-to-face meeting, phone While developing the rostering system project Explanation Phase Shital Mainali, Akruti Jagdishchandra Patel Rusiru Dharmawansa Verbal and written communication, email, face-to-face meeting, phone While planning for the development of the rostering system Exploration Phase Akruti Jagdishchandra Patel, Rusiru Dharmawansa Shital Mainali, Verbal and written communication, email, face-to-face meeting, phone While planning for the development of the rostering system Engagement Phase Rusiru Dharmawansa Akruti Jagdishchandra Patel Verbal and written communication, email, face-to-face meeting, phone Part 3: Stakeholders Identification The identification of the significant stakeholders in the project is essential for the developing of the efficient communication plan while developing the rostering system project. Stakeholders Role Description Project Manager The project manager in the project is responsible for timely completion of the project within the schedule and budget plan as developed in the project management phase; Software Developer The software developer in the project has the responsibility of developing the programming module and code of the application; Software Tester The software tester runs the testing cases on the developed application for ensuring the operational and functional efficiency of the rostering system; Globex Representative The Globex representative provides us the business needs and requirements of the rostering system for the RALS festival. In addition to that, the Globex Representative verifies and provides feedback on the developed rostering system application; Virtucon representative The Virtucon representative is authorized to undertake the project and provide an effective management plan for competing the project within budget and allocated time; Business Analyst The business analyses has the significant responsibility of ensuring that the business requirement of Globex is integrated in the developed application of the RALS; Software designer The software designer in the project developed an easy and effective user interface required for the rostering management at RALS; Communication Plan Who What Why When How Project Manager Any issues, modification, changes and problems faced during the development of the project that hinders the budget, schedule and quality of the rostering system; The project manager verifies and validate the changes required for the issues raised and identified in the project. In addition to that, the project manager changes the budgeting and plans new scheduling of the project with the remaining time and activities; Whenever Required Verbal and written communication, email, face-to-face meeting, phone Software Developer Any problems and issues faced while implementing the operational logic of the rostering system application. Apart from that, for integrating any new features and requirement to the rostering system; To verify and review whether the changes can be implemented in the developed application at a particular phase. Moreover, the software developer determines and integrate the changes in the rostering system application; Once a week Email, written communication Software Tester Any issue arise during the testing phase or functionality phase of the rostering system; To determine and evaluate the cause of error for ensuing the functional operation of the rostering system; Whenever required Email, written communication, verbal communication and face-to-face interviews Globex Representative Verifying and reviewing the developed rostering system for the RALS festival. In addition to that, the Globex representative provides details of the modification and changes required for the rostering system; Discussing the changes and requirements needed in the developed rostering system for achieving the business needs; Twice in every month Face-to-face meetings, written mode of communication, emails; Virtucon representative The Virtucon representatives develops the project management plan for the developing the rostering system application required by Globex for RALS festival; Modification, changes in the scheduling, budgeting, and management plan for the rostering system project; Whenever required Face-to-face meetings, written mode of communication, emails; verbal communication, phone calls Business Analyst Changes in business requirements, modification required in the project for dissatisfied clients of Globex; To pursue the project manager with the integration of the new changes and modification required in the project. In addition to that for ensuring the developed project needs the business and customer requirements as stated; Twice in every month Face-to-face meeting, written communication, emails; formal meetings Software designer For implementing the changes required in order to make the system more user friendly Issues or problem identified in the design and user-interface of the system for providing effective operational functionality Whenever required Face-to-face meeting, written communication, emails; formal meetings, phone, verbal communication; Part 4: Project Closure Project Name: RALS Rostering System Development Project Project Manager: Rusiru Dharmawansa Start Date: [Please Fill] End Date: [Please Fill] Acceptance Criteria Person Responsible Check if Achieved 1. The identified goals are met during the development of the rostering system; Project Manager; 2. All the functional and business requirements are included in the developed project; Project Manager, Business Analyst; 3. The developed rostering system is able to meet the requirements of Globex and RALS; Project Manager, Business Analyst; 4. The technical and software requirements of the systems are licensed and properly obtained; Project Manager; 5. Proper schedule was maintained during the completion of the project; Project Manager; 6. Proper budget plan was followed for completing the project; Project Manager; 7. Risks were identified, analyzed and assessed; Project Manager; 8. Inspection of the proper standard and methods being followed in the project; Project Manager, Business Analyst; 9. The developed software were verified and accepted by the Globex Co-corporation; Project Manager, Business Analyst; 10. Implementing the data backup methods; Project Manager; 11. Developing the complete documentation of the developed rostering system application; Project Manager; 13. Sign off the team members; Project Manager; Project Evaluation Project objectives: The significant objective of the undertaken project is to develop the rostering system for RLS within low budget and before the next RALS festival; Team Staffing: Team members selected for developing the rostering system were experienced in their particular area of work; Deliverables of the Project: The initial deliverables set for the development of the project were successfully and efficiently achieved during the development of the rostering system for RALS; Project Transition to Operations: During the deployment phase of the rostering system, standard and specified test cases and risks assessment plan were employed for ensuring the proper operational effectiveness of the developed project; Cost: The project was developed and managed within the total financial cost provided by Globex; Schedule: The completion of the entire rostering system application was developed and produced before the next RALS festival; Recommendations: During the development of the project, the representative of the Globes Co-corporation should have been included in iterative phased for providing recommendation and feedback to the developed application; Projects MOV Evaluation Process Financial value For evaluating the financial value of the developed project, the Globex should cash flow of the project and NPV (Net present value) for determining the profitability of the organization; Operational value The operational value of the developed rostering system application is evaluated by the determination of the functional capabilities of the developed system. In addition to that, the time required by the project to recover from a system failure is used for determining the operational value; Customer value The satisfaction and feedback of the Globex on receiving and reviewing the rostering system determines the effectiveness of the customer value in the project; Strategic Value The ability of the rostering system in efficiently allocating the task to the volunteers and managing them for achieving profitability of Globex is determined as strategic value; Part 5: Reflection I have been given the opportunity as working as the project manager for the development of the computerized and automated Rostering System Application for the Riverina Agriculture and Lifestyle Show. As the project manager in this project, I have undertaken the foremost responsibility or evaluating the business case of the Globex for understanding customer needs and business needs for the rostering system. I have furthermore, identified the intended user of the application for identifying the operational need of the rostering system. I have formed a particular team for conducting the project in efficient manner. As the project manager, I have developed the project budget plan and scheduling for completing the rostering system within provided deadline. Moreover, as the project manager, I have the responsibly of accessing whether the project is feasible in terms of technology and business requirements or not. therefore, I have efficiently documented the business needs, user requirement s and technical needs of the system. I have further conducted meeting with my team member for analyzing the feasibility test of the undertaken project. in addition to that, as a project manager and team leader, I have communicated with the team members and allocated the task according to their individual area of work. I have further developed a communication plan between the team members with mutual understanding and verification of the location and mode of communication for continuing the flow of communication between the team members. The communication plan has assisted in full collaboration of the undertaken project and timely completion. While developing the rostering system application, due to various issues and problems, the project was running behind time that formed a potential risk to the delivery of the system. In this situation, I have communicated with all the team members in a formal meeting and identified the issues going on with the development of the project. In addi tion to that, I have documented the progress of the report and rescheduled all the remaining activities in the project. Moreover, for completing the project within the new schedule, I have motivated and pursued the team members for their collaboration for completing the project within clients deadline. I have gained valuable experience in working as project manager in this ICT project. Through this project, I have learned that the project manager in the ICT project need to have in-depth understanding of the technical needs for evaluating the business need and requirement of the system. in addition to that, the project manager should be experience in team management, communication and estimating the risk underlying in the project. Furthermore, the most vital responsibility of the project manager is to plan and develop an effective management plan for completing the project within allocated time and budget. Therefore, my experience as the project manager in this particular project wil l assist me in the future with the experience of managing and working as a team. Bibliography Ahsan, K., Ho, M., Khan, S. (2013). Recruiting project managers: A comparative analysis of competencies and recruitment signals from job advertisements.Project Management Journal,44(5), 36-54. Alberghini, E., Cricelli, L., Grimaldi, M. (2014). A methodology to manage and monitor social media inside a company: a case study.Journal of Knowledge Management,18(2), 255-277. Bhm, C. (2013). Cultural flexibility in ICT projects: A new perspective on managing diversity in project teams.Global Journal of Flexible Systems Management,14(2), 115-122. Chipulu, M., Neoh, J. G., Ojiako, U. U., Williams, T. (2013). A multidimensional analysis of project manager competences.IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management,60(3), 506-517. Davies, R., Harty, C. (2013). Implementing Site BIM: a case study of ICT innovation on a large hospital project.Automation in Construction,30, 15-24. Fantozzi, M., Popescu, I., Farnham, T., Archetti, F., Mogre, P., Tsouchnika, E., ... Bimpas, M. (2014). ICT for efficient water resources management: the ICeWater energy management and control approach.Procedia Engineering,70, 633-640. Holzmann, V. (2013). A meta-analysis of brokering knowledge in project management.International Journal of Project Management,31(1), 2-13. Jugdev, K., Mathur, G. (2013). Bridging situated learning theory to the resource-based view of project management.International Journal of Managing Projects in Business,6(4), 633-653. Marcelino-Sdaba, S., Prez-Ezcurdia, A., Lazcano, A. M. E., Villanueva, P. (2014). Project risk management methodology for small firms.International Journal of Project Management,32(2), 327-340. Martinsuo, M. (2013). Project portfolio management in practice and in context.International Journal of Project Management,31(6), 794-803. Pemsel, S., Wiewiora, A. (2013). Project management office a knowledge broker in project-based organisations.International Journal of Project Management,31(1), 31-42. Pemsel, S., Wiewiora, A. (2013). Project management office a knowledge broker in project-based organisations.International Journal of Project Management,31(1), 31-42. Rezgui, Y., Beach, T., Rana, O. (2013). A governance approach for BIM management across lifecycle and supply chains using mixed-modes of information delivery.Journal of Civil Engineering and Management,19(2), 239-258. Rosemann, M., vom Brocke, J. (2015). The six core elements of business process management. InHandbook on Business Process Management 1(pp. 105-122). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Silvius, A. J., Schipper, R. P. (2014). Sustainability in project management: A literature review and impact analysis.Social Business,4(1), 63-96. Too, E. G., Weaver, P. (2014). The management of project management: A conceptual framework for project governance.International Journal of Project Management,32(8), 1382-1394. Turner, R. (2016).Gower handbook of project management. Routledge. Verburg, R. M., Bosch-Sijtsema, P., Vartiainen, M. (2013). Getting it done: Critical success factors for project managers in virtual work settings.International Journal of Project Management,31(1), 68-79. Yang, L. R., Chen, J. H., Wang, H. W. (2012). Assessing impacts of information technology on project success through knowledge management practice.Automation in Construction,22, 182-191.

How To Kill A Mocking Bird Analysis Essay Example

How To Kill A Mocking Bird Analysis Essay Good morning/afternoon ladies and gentlemen. I am head of classic literature at the local University and I have come here today to talk about the way in which the well-known novel To Kill a Mockingbird makes comment on society. â€Å"Prejudice a vagrant opinion without visible means of support. † (Ambrose Bierce) Prejudice has been shaping our world for decades and has the ability to influence preconceived judgment and actions towards others. Famous author, Harper Lee has recognised and demonstrated how racial and social prejudice has played an important role in our society through her world renowned novel, â€Å"To Kill a Mockingbird†. Within this novel she has successfully conveyed a message or better known as social commentary, to her audience that judging others on nothing but stereotypes is wrong. To do this, Lee has set her novel on society in the 1930s where strong racial prejudice was extremely common as the social norm and often not unfrowned upon at that point in history. By utilising specific narrative elements such as settings and symbolism throughout the novel, Lee has successfully made social comment on racial and social prejudice and how wrong and unfair it is. To Kill a Mockingbird was written by Harper Lee in mid-1950, during a period called the Civil Rights Movement. Even though the book was published in 1960, it was set in the 1930s and was strongly based around the Scottsboro Trial where nine African American men were accused of raping a young white woman as well as an underage woman. We will write a custom essay sample on How To Kill A Mocking Bird Analysis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on How To Kill A Mocking Bird Analysis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on How To Kill A Mocking Bird Analysis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer After a number of historic trials which were based on the lone testimony of one of the women, all of the African American men were found guilty and one of the men was sentenced to death convicted by a white jury. Harper Lee was born in April 1926 in Monroeville, Alabama, the same state as the trial and knew of the conditions surrounding it. Growing up she was known as a Tomboy and called writer, Truman Capote her friend. She has studied law at the University of Alabama through 1945 to 1949 before she published her only novel To Kill a Mockingbird. This novel was in fact based on her own town of Monroeville though she has created the book’s town named Maycomb. It was placed in the Deep South of the United States where slavery, zero equality and racial segregation was very present. Using her own experiences and knowledge of the strong racial prejudices around her, Lee has successfully provided her audience with a deep understanding of said prejudices and social justice therefore using it as a tool to create a clear comment on society and the wrongness that is racial prejudice. The setting of a book is the time and place in which it is written. Physical setting as well as the social and emotional settings tends to play a large role in a books entirety and even the message the writer is trying to convey to their audience. The physical setting is usually revealed in the introduction chapters of a book whereas the social and emotional settings can be known from the dialogue and action throughout the book. To Kill a Mockingbird was set in the small fictional Southern town of Maycomb in the 1930s where slavery and the Civil War of the 1860s still has a drastic effect on the town and it appears that change is only seen in the distant future. Clearly happy to stay in its own little world, Maycomb doesn’t know or seems to care about what’s happening elsewhere. â€Å"A day was twenty-four hours long but seemed longer. There was no hurry, for there was nowhere to go, nothing to buy and no money to buy it with, nothing to see outside the boundaries of Maycomb County. † (1. 6) There is no breaking the past with the town. When the same families have lived there for multiple generations, passing down the same family traits they have seen in the past there really isn’t much room for independent thought so the way things are in Maycomb are the way things will always been for them. The problem though is the way things have always been is racially segregated. The African Americans of Maycomb have their own settlement on the outskirts of town, their own church and cemetery outside of the city, even at Tom’s trial the African Americans sit separated from the whites; African Americans having seats up in the balcony whilst whites have the decent seats on the floor. Essentially the whites and blacks in Maycomb don’t live together, eat together, pray together, or even die together. Upon realising this, Lee’s audience will understand the emphasis put on racial prejudice, gives them a chance to set their own opinions and understand the wrongs that were happening at the time. Throughout To Kill a Mocking Bird, Harper Lee has used clever symbolism and original writing style to create a better understanding on her social comment about racial prejudice during her time. A writer’s style is basically their own unique way of writing. From the use of dialogue, language or tone, to symbolism, structure and point of view, each writer has their own style that accommodates what and how they plan to open a readers mind to what they have to write about. Lee’s writing style includes using a first person point of view as the young narrating character Scout Finch. From the very start of this novel it is obvious that that she is telling us of these events as a memory from her childhood perspective therefore as she understood the events at the time rather than using an adult sort of commentary. The perspective gives the readers a feeling of naivety as we tend to receive events as she just experiences them without telling us what they mean exactly. You could also say that, for some commentary that we got, was totally innocent. Though, when needed, there was an adult perspective in the background: â€Å"Mr Underwood didn’t talk about miscarriages of justice, he was writing so children could understand. Mr Underwood simply figured it was a sin to kill cripples, be they standing, sitting, or escaping. † (25. 65) A young Scout wouldn’t understand what a miscarriage of justice was, so this is the adult telling us that this is what actually happened, whereas a child’s perspective would translate to something along the lines of ‘what happened was a sin’. Lee’s unique style of writing is what makes this book so powerful to readers from teenagers to adults. It makes it clear to all what comment she’s trying to make on society and how racial prejudice has shaped the world around us. Symbolism is the way in which writers have used their words to express idea through imagery. Common ways to create some sort of symbolism in a novel are metaphors, similes, references and allusions. In To Kill a Mockingbird, Lee has used symbolism to teach her readers about stereotypes, racial prejudice and moral sin. Pointing out what others seem to be baffled about is the title of the book. It seems as though, if you didn’t know any better, you’d think the novel itself was written about something entirely different, but in this case the Mockingbirds are used as an allegory (or symbol) for innocence. Other than title, we first hear about the mockingbirds when Scout and her brother Jem are learning how to use their new air rifles where their father, Atticus, tells them to shoot all the blue jays they want but not to shoot a mockingbird because it’s a sin. Scout had never heard her father tell them it was a sin to do something so she asked Miss Maudie about it. â€Å"Your father’s right,† she said. â€Å"Mockingbirds don’t do one thing but make music for us to enjoy. They don’t eat up people’s gardens, don’t nest in corncribs, they don’t do one thing but sing their hearts out for us. That’s why it’s a sin to kill a mockingbird. †Ã¢â‚¬  (10. 99/100) She’s essentially saying that mockingbirds are innocent and harmless creature that won’t hurt anyone so therefore killing them is wrong. The same can be said about Tom’s innocence of the crime he’s accused of as he does no harm to anyone. Killing him would not prevent any bad nor will it bring any good, just like shooting a mockingbird. Lee’s use of symbolism like this gets the audience thinking about the point she’s trying to bring across and again she has made clear social comment on the injustice of prejudice against those who are different. To Kill a Mockingbird is successful in conveying the message that racial and social prejudice is wrong. Harper Lee has utilised the narrative elements of setting in the small Southern town of Maycomb, symbolism within the title itself as well as her unique writing style to achieve social comment. To Kill a Mockingbird is a fantastic book that is capable of changing a reader’s perspective on the world around them and gives us a chance to open our eyes at how much has changed for the better and how far we have to go.

EVS-Lab quadrant study Essays

EVS-Lab quadrant study Essays EVS-Lab quadrant study Essay EVS-Lab quadrant study Essay The main findings of this study of vegetation in Terrace and Forest are that this sensitive environment is intricately balanced by the maintenance of its vegetation. Based on the readings above we are able to identify that vegetation levels in Area 1 i. e. Terrace is much higher than Area 2 i. e. Forest. One of the sole reasons to this can be, Sunlight-Since plant can absorb more sunlight in Area 1 since not many Trees are blocking sunlight for plants and grass unlike in Area 2 where plant growth is very limited due to blockage of sunlight. This factor will affect plant growth thereby Vegetation. Continuous harvesting of plants and grass in area 1 has lead to higher vegetation levels present there unlike Area 2 where Major parts of quadrant were covered with dry soil, twigs and leaves were an evident factor to conclude lack of harvesting in Area 2. Presence of many plants in Area 1 is another indication of a typical health land vegetation. Major Component covered with Dry soil served as a factor to low nutrient in soil in Area 2 rather than in Area 1, where minor dry land was discovered. Therefore findings conclusion of this vegetation study is that relationship between the vegetation of the two areas (Forest Terrace) is influenced by external factors such as soil harvest and environmental factors such as sunlight. Therefore Area 1(terrace) has a much healthier Vegetation compared to Area 2(forest). Evaluation: From our research and findings on this experiment we have discovered that Area 1(Terrace) has a much healthier vegetation compared to Area 2(forests). However based on the data collection processing,Pattern or relation with Vegetation level with both the areas are very limited. However during the experiment there were many limitations:   The field work investigative tests were carried out by small groups of students. This could have distorted the findings as techniques may have varied been inconsistent. Each group was made aware of what how the data needed to be obtained to keep it as consistent as possible. Time limits on the data collection may also have meant that there was less accuracy in the other recorded results. Although trouble was taken to correctly label samples record data, the sample station data from 25 metres became contaminated by human error. This meant that no comparison could be drawn from these stations. This could have been avoided if there had been a less pressurised time limit to the field work tests. * Experiment being carried out once ,may have lead to less accurate results for the vegetation study. Transect study being carried out on one area rather on two different areas may have distorted results.   Testing vegetation levels only by the means of transects quadrants, means testing methods were very limited Therefore these steps can be carried out to to improve the experiment and obtain results more specific and accurate: Larger groups of students may be utilized to keep results as consistent as possible and improve results.   Time can be increased for data collection to collect sufficient data to improve accuracy. It would also be interesting to see, if experiment could be performed repeatedly at different times of the year and observe if any changes in vegetation levels occur and make comparisons. Rather than the transect study being more fixed to one area, it can be studied for two areas rather than two sites at one area. By implementing this method comparisons can be made and result for vegetation level may improve.   Besides employing transect quadrants to study vegetation level, Tests on soil such as pH, moisture content may be conducted to make comparisons with vegetation and soil of the areas.

WWII & The Holocaust Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

WWII & The Holocaust - Assignment Example During the same period, Jordan captured West Bank. Also, as the British became more intensely aware of the difficulties involved in paying no attention to the Arab situation in Palestine, they began to back off from the political guarantee that the United States, in its comparative ignorance, had come to experience (Christison, 2001, pp. 45-54). This period marked an increasing Jewish immigration to Palestine prompted by Hitler’s German rise to power through the Holocaust. In addition, a commitment to promote Jewish homeland in Palestine became apparent. Roosevelt never committed himself as a Zionist in helping the Jews during the Holocaust. However, his political support for Zionists in Palestine provided significant support and helped speed up the political retreat of Arabs from Palestine. Roosevelt devoted considerable thought to formulating ways of accommodating Jewish control of Palestine by moving the Arab side without any thought for the justice of expelling an entire nation by force. He seems to have had little consideration of the predicament the British encountered in Palestine. The United States Jewish community did not fully support the idea of a Jewish home in Palestine and Zionism. Public knowledge of the Palestine situation increased significantly in the war years. This followed the Zionist activistâ⠂¬â„¢s efforts and heavy coverage given to the situation of Europe’s Jews. Consequently, in 1993, Palestine and Israel signed the Declaration of Principles that called for Palestine’s self-rule in Jericho and Gaza (Zarley, 2007, pp. 69-73). The Muslims denied that the Holocaust never took place, but if it did, it was to a small extent. Some added that the Jews fetched it on themselves against the Palestinians. Merging Islamic and European anti-Zionist and anti-Jewish philosophies together, Iran became the propagator of Holocaust denial in the Middle East and also sponsored Western Holocaust

Poem by William Wordsworth The World is too much us; late and soon Essay

Poem by William Wordsworth The World is too much us; late and soon - Essay Example Wordsworth uses contradictory words together, to describe his anger and helplessness at a world which is being destroyed, and yet progress cannot be stopped. His choice of words to conjure up images and sounds is truly extraordinary, and he uses the rhythm of the iambic pentameter of the sonnet to great effect. William Wordsworth is also known as one of the Lake poets along with his friend and mentor Samuel Taylor Coleridge. Together they are credited with ushering in the era of Romanticism in English poetry. William Wordsworth was born in the beautiful Lake District of Cumberland, and grew up surrounded by the beauty of nature. These beautiful surroundings nurtured in him a deep and lasting love for nature in all her wondrous moods. He referred to poetry as â€Å"the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings,† originating from â€Å"emotion recollected in tranquility†, yet there was a natural rhythm and poetic form to his poems. (Wordsworth, preface to Lyrical Ballads) His poem The World is Too Much With Us is a classic example of the many sonnets he wrote. Composed in 1802, the poem was first published in his work Poems in Two Volumes in 1807. In the early years of the nineteenth century, Wordsworth was deeply disturbed by what he saw as decadence in the form of material gr eed, to the exclusion of everything else. At this time he wrote many poems deriding the materialism of a world that was losing its spirituality, and he urged mankind in most of these poems to find that lost spirituality in nature. The World is Too Much With Us is a sonnet in the Petrarchan style modeled on the work of the Italian poet Petrarch of the early Renaissance period. It is also known as the Italian sonnet, which is a poem of 14 lines. This kind of sonnet is divided into two parts. The first eight lines are known as the octave and the next six lines, the sestet. Each of these parts has a special function in a Petrarchan sonnet. The octave is employed to state a problem or a

New product development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

New product development - Essay Example The feature has been described in a manner that it is distinguishing the product from the rest. For example, the image of the beverage is to look natural. That distinguishes the product from the rest. Moreover, the design also looks different. The fact that the beverage is natural also means it is simple in making and in design with no chemicals. That is an attractive feature. The second feature is the benefit associated with the product is the positioning. The product is positioned outside the school business on St Lawrence and 15th Street. The advantage associated is with the distance. The target group in this case is the students. The students will not have to walk long distances to search for their natural juice. The next concept is the cost. Since the beverage is made from fresh pressed apple cider, the cost will be affordable for all the customers. That is the concept and perception that the consumer will have. In addition, the target audience is the students hence the prices must be pocket friendly to win a huge number of

Analysis Of The Shangri La Group Tourism Essay

Analysis Of The Shangri La Group Tourism Essay Internal Organizational Analysis and the competitive advantage the group may or may not have in establishing a presence in London A schematic representation of the SWOT (Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities threats) will be used to match the key external and internal factors. The following SWOT would provide us with a comprehensive organizational resource analysis of the Shangri La group alongside providing us with the competitive advantage the group would enjoy. Strengths Weaknesses Situated at a premier location in London as has been evident in their properties throughout the world (Grayson Hodges, 2004). Legendary Asian Hospitality the classic Asian Flavor having a Chinese parent company gives them an edge over all the others in terms of having the Asian culture part of their corporate culture and thus a unique position (Hitt, Ireland Hoskisson, 2009). 40 hotels worldwide thus a broad base to share experiences and put learned lessons from around the world to good use (Robbins DeCenzo, 2007). Pre identified target segment of business and leisure travelers with an eye for class and culture (Robbins DeCenzo, 2007). Service approach of hospitality and flexibility embedded in corporate culture and marketing activities (Walker, Walker, Mullins Boyd, 2010). Sound financial backing. First interaction with Western culture was Sydney no other experiences as yet in the West Marked difference in Sydney and Londons Culture An effective and efficient management style played a major role in Shangri La Sydneys success. The brand is not that well recognized outside the Asian and now also Sydneys market. Opportunities S-O strategies W-O strategies London 2012 Olympic and Paralympics Games. New planned tourist attractions like International Dome in London. Trend of using price promotions. Comparatively lower value of Pound sterling Growing emphasis of the local government on promoting tourism. Growth of London as a financial sector a conference and business destination. Establish in London (S1,S2, O1,O2,O4,O5,O6,) Extensive integrated marketing communication efforts. (W1,W4,O1,O5,O6) Make use of opportunities in the West (W1, W5). Threats S-T strategies W-T strategies Recent trends show that luxury hotels have grown at a rapid pace in London. The competition in the near future will be cut-throat and intensive as more and more rooms will be added to the industry. The presence of much more powerful brands in the luxury sector of the London hospitality industry Substantial increase in branded budget hotels around 13% last year Uncertainty created by terrorist activities. Aggressive investments in the sector by other Asian Middle Eastern investors. High barriers of entry Niche Marketing and maintain that niche (S2,T1,T2) Premium, Image Based pricing (S2,S5,T3,T5) Based on the above analysis and the secondary research, Shangri Las competitive advantage lies in its classic Asian Flavor and the ability to maintain a customer-centric approach which forms the basis of their corporate culture, thus also reducing the need for standardization of processes. The core values of the training are: respect, courtesy, sincerity, helpfulness and humility and the training modules focus on the groups mission of delighting customers each and every time (Honeycutt, Ford Simintiras, 2003). Not confined to training programs, Shangri-La Care is a living culture within the group, strongly supported by top management and continuously cascaded through the organization. Both these are bound to help Shangri La carve out a unique niche for itself in the London market. The only threat being the fact that other Asian and Middle Eastern players are also venturing into the hospitality industry. Whether those who are positioned based on their Asian ethnicity are able to bring out the same flavor in their culture remains to be seen! 2. An external analysis of the potential competitors and customers in London London, that great cesspool into which all the loungers and idlers of the Empire are irresistibly drained. -Doyle, Sir Arthur Conan The past 20 years has seen an overall increase in the total number of visitors to London, despite any temporary downfalls seen intermittently in the short-term. Overseas visitor numbers have increased from 9.6m in 1990 to around 14.9m (estimated) in 2006 (Hooley, Saunders, Piercy Nicolaud, 2008). Domestic visitor numbers to London have also grown over the long-term from 6.9m in 1990 to an estimated 11.8m in 2006. Domestic numbers however have seen the largest fluctuations (compared to overseas visitors) in the short-term, resulting in a slight downward trend in total visitors to London since 2002. This has been influenced by the increasing popularity and accessibility of many countries and growing competition from other major European cities (due in part to the ascension of no-frills airlines) (Flourish Oswald, 2006). The overall London market has been buffeted by a number of issues since 2001, including terror events, SARS and the outbreak of Foot and Mouth. However, a recovery in demand (particularly for international visitors) is evident and the London bombings in July have proved only a temporary setback. Improved room yields have supported investment in new hotel rooms in London, increasingly away from central London to the western and eastern parts of the city. The dispersal of accommodation represents opportunities for businesses outside of Central London, but also provides challenges for coordinating visitor infrastructure including transport and information services (Easterby-Smith, Thorpe Lowe, 2002). There has been strong growth in the budget sector of the market and this has provided visitors to London with a greater choice of accommodation. Moves to standardize the quality ratings for hotels will hopefully also provide visitors with greater information and certainty regarding their accommodation experience. Looking forward, tourism is expected to continue to grow (as forecast to 2016 in the 2002 PwC report and extended in this report to 2026) and when considered in combination with the additional impact of the 2012 Olympic and Paralympics Games (whose influence was not included in the PwC report), and the planned development of major tourism facilities, such as the International Convention Centre, it can be seen that substantial additional demand for accommodation on an on-going basis could be generated (Young, Weiss Stewart, 2006). New accommodation is planned to meet future demand, closing the gap between the current room stock and the demand forecast in 2016 as reported by PwC, and the hotel market is upbeat about Londons prospects. Demographic change looking forward, tourism is expected to continue to grow (as forecast to 2016 in the 2002 PwC report and extended in this report to 2026) and when considered in combination with the additional impact of the 2012 Olympic and Paralympics Games (whose influence was not included in the PwC report), and the planned development of major tourism facilities, such as the International Convention Centre, it can be seen that substantial additional demand for accommodation on an on-going basis could be generated. is expected to provide a market opportunity for the provision of accommodation to the accessible accommodation market, although evidence suggests that London is not servicing this market as well as other destinations, which provides challenges for the future (Greater London Authority, 2006). As one of the main tourist destinations in the world and with the 2012 Olympic Games on the horizon, London is set to be at the forefront of a recovery in the UK, and indeed European, hotel markets. Price promotions and the low value of sterling during the year allowed London to remain a popular tourist destination, with leisure tourism particular from Europe, offsetting the fall in corporate bookings, which had continued from 2008 (Smith, Berry Pulford, 1999). These would-be buyers have been attracted by the depreciation of the British Pound against the US Dollar and the Euro. Initial signs of a slowdown in the reduction of values, indicating that the bottom of the market has been reached also makes purchasing attractive to high net worth individuals and sovereign wealth funds. The lure of the Olympics is continuing to draw operators and developers into the capital, which is predicted to experience a 12% increase in new rooms (13,300) by 2012. With its high barriers of entry London continues to be an extremely competitive market place but one, as the recovery gathers momentum, that will remain a target for the majority of hotel investors, developers and operators with their eye on long-term gains (Murphy, Maguiness, Pescott, Wislang, Ma Wang, 2005). Worldwide, the majority of international tourist trips in 2004 were for the purpose of leisure and holidays (52%) with only16% being for business travel. The rise in the number of people (both international and domestic visitors) to London has been relatively modest since 2000, with the number of visits only now returning to the high point reached at the Millennium. However, over the long term there has been a steady increase in visitors to London. Nights stayed in London by international visitors have risen on average by 3.1% each year since 1993 (compared to 1.6% each year for the UK as a whole (Greater London Authority, 2006). In 2004, 33% of overseas tourist trips to London were for holiday, 27% were for business and 28% were for the purpose of visiting family and friends (IPS 2004, 2005 Growth has been particularly strong in 2004 and 2005, with growth of over 14% in 2004 and estimated growth of 6% in 2005. However, growth was relatively modest in the early part of the 2000s with a number of circumstances (such as low cost airlines, exchange rates, terror events) reducing overall tourist arrivals, impacting on both overseas and domestic tourists. The events of September 11th had a similar effect on tourism, with the number of visits only returning to their 2000 high point in 2004 (Robbins DeCenzo, 2007). The London bombings in July 2005 had only a short term impact on overseas visitor numbers with visitor numbers rebounding in the latter part of 2005.7 It should be noted that the PwC report produced in 2002 did not include the short-term downward trends noted above since these trends were only just in the cycle at this point (Greater London Authority, 2006). Domestic visitors to London have also increased dramatically, given the one of a kind millennium celebrations; the opening of several new and attractive tourist attractions. Until recently there has not been a proper understanding within central or local government of the importance of business tourism or its contribution to the local and national economies. One business tourist is worth at least three times the amount of one leisure tourist in employment and economic terms and business tourism is worth  £3.2bn to London, making the business tourism sector an important area for London to invest in. London, being a metropolis destination always had immense potential as a business destination (Hooley, Saunders, Piercy Nicolaud, 2008). Understanding that potential, the government and the hospitality industry has finally started taking steps in this regard. Currently the city lacks facilities that would allow maximum exploitation of the citys potential but work has started on those lines. An international chain has just initiated Duchess Rooms in order to attract the businesswoman of today especially the Middle Eastern market (Honeycutt, Ford Simintiras, 2003). However, there remains a great deal of work that the city administration can undertake in a bid to rejuvenate the citys illustrious image. London caters to a wide variety of visitor specific accommodation needs. The only exception is the apparent lack of accessible accommodation for disabled visitors. Visit London estimates that serviced accommodation (including hotels, bed breakfast establishments and guesthouses) accounts for around 76% of all bedrooms (with the remainder comprising self-catering, hostels and university accommodation) (Jensen, 2008). The budget hotel market growth and the increasing investment in up market hotels has led to a polarization in supply and gradual erosion of the three-star serviced hotels previously provided by Thistle and Marriott amongst others. It is possible that a situation could occur in the short to medium term where hotel grading and quality/service provision at the budget end of the market, could become blurred to some buyers (Guffey Loewy, 2010). With the near saturation of roadside and motorway sites, greater flexibility will need to be shown by both planners and developers if this demand is to be satisfied. For example some solutions may include the alteration or refurbishment of redundant buildings into hotels, rather than completely new build, as well as the development of sites around the M25 corridor and other key transport corridors. The continued growth of London s financial sector will mean more developments geared to this market and the meetings/ business tourism market generally. This is likely to include larger developments with leisure facilities, more bedrooms, but also with more flexible meeting facilities and (subject to planning), apartments, apart hotels, or even hotels with apartments located very close by that can enjoy the hotel s facilities ( e.g. Capital, St James and Ritz Hotels) (Hitt, Ireland Hoskisson, 2009). 3. An analysis of Possible Segmentation strategies that the Shangri La could adopt This refers to the process of choosing ones target market. It needs to be clarified at the onset that marketing targeting is not synonymous with market segmentation. Segmentation is actually the prelude to target market selection. One of the most significant advantages of effective target marketing is that it improves the efficacy of all the four Ps of marketing (Aaker, Kumar, Day Leone, 2010). The use of segmentation, as a tool to distinguish the entire market into stratas is a useful process. Firms can then decide which segment they are targeting and focus their efforts and energies towards that segment in order to achieve the highest return on investment (Robbins DeCenzo, 2007). Positioning, on the other hand, is a concept introduced in Positioning a Positioning a battle for your mind. According to the authors Positioning is what you do to mind of the prospect. Meaning it is how the customer perceives your product or what you are in the eyes of the beholder! Thus it is imperative that each brand is Positioned in a particular class or segment (Al Ries Trout, 1993). Given the turn of the millennium and the growth witnessed in travel, each segment in the tourism industry has set its goals on increasing its share of the pie thus trying to appear most attractive to the target audience. In this case, marketing communication helps differentiate similar accommodations and travel hot spots in terms of making their spot appear the most attractive (Arbuckle, 2000). But also in this case, it becomes essential that the target segment for the integrated marketing communication is identified beforehand. It is essential that marketers ensure that the destination is not competing with a competitor with greater edge; secondly, that the destinations position is not vague in the customers mind and lastly that the destination has no image or probably a negative image in the eyes of the customer. (Lovelock, 1991). The hospitality industry based on the diverse nature of its offerings also witnesses a variety of positioning strategies. The meeting place for sun worshipers, is the positioning statement of Cancun, Mexico. However, positioning can vary greatly. Fisher Island has positioned itself as where people who run things can stop running. It all depends on the creativity of the positioning team (Bergh Ketchen, 2009). An interesting positioning statement is that of Ritz-Carlton Hotels Group; it says After a day of competition, you deserve a hotel that has none. The degree to which marketing teams strive to be unique determines the extent to which a positioning statement is distinctive and appealing. By developing a creative campaign, an operator can market the fact that many Japanese visitors have been to the Grand Canyon, and were impressed by its awe-inspiring presence. This may include testimonials from previous visitors or tour operators example to illustrate this feeling who can make a direct appeal to the target market.   However, since the feeling of awe is an intangible construct, positioning statements must show a tangible (Young, Weiss Stewart, 2006). There are many ways of communicating to the audience the position you want your brand to occupy in the customers mind. They might include a creative campaign; a testimonial by celebs or by previous visitors etc, but it is necessary to be able to convey the inspiration and the other intangibles associated with the brand. The London hotel market could be segmented into several groups namely, bed breakfast, inns, hotels (five star, four star etc,), country hotels, motor lodge hotel, town house hotel, youth groups to name the broadest categories. The composition of branded hotels and luxury outlets in London has soared to around 13% of the total supply in the capital, with chains such as Whitbread, Premier Travel Inn, Travelodge, IHG s Express by Holiday Inn, Accor, Ibis, Choice, Comfort Inn and Quality Hotels increasing their exposure (Blaxter, Hughes Tight, 2006). This growth in the budget hotel market throughout all parts of the capital, as elsewhere, has been the key trend in this industry over the last decade. In London, particularly, it has to some extent, replaced the traditional three-star hotels which were more in evidence in previous decades. The cost of building a three-star establishment, with its higher specifications, service and food requirement is generally considered to be prohibitiv e in London. The gradual erosion of the mid-market three-star brands in London has possibly contributed to accusations that the capital is expensive and does not provide value- for money , Given that budget hotels have only been so evident in recent years and that central London prices are (like most major cities) high, this is unsurprising (Easteryby-Smith, Thorpe Lowe, 2002). However, as we will see later, both Paris and Geneva recorded higher average room rates than London in 2005. It is perhaps the perception of expensive that has to be addressed. In the central sub-region, it is still difficult to find cheap accommodation, unlike say Paris or Amsterdam and it is unrealistic to expect budget hotel developers to invest in the more expensive areas of the central sub-region, such as Westminster or Kensington and Chelsea, to any great extent. The dynamics of hotel demand and this industrys development and operation economics will mean that future up market hotel development will continue to be more viable centrally. The international business visitor and high spending US, Arab and Japanese leisure tourists for example, will still choose to be In this context it should be recognized that a branded budget hotel, with limited service may still be awarded a two star grading, the same as a quality inn in the regions with good service, but limited facilities (Gre ater London Authority, 2006). Hotels in London are concentrated in the central area, but are increasingly being distributed more evenly across London, located where the main attractions, retail and restaurants are located. The luxury sector is amongst the fastest growing sectors in London there are reports that as many as four thousand additional rooms can be operational in the next five years (Greater London Authority, 2006). The industry is set to become increasingly dependent on exotic marketing and luring of customers and tourists that arrive in London each year. It will require a survival of the fittest strategy from all major players to see through the competition. Thistle is the largest provider of hotels and hotel bedrooms in London. The company has some 5,969 bedrooms, which equates to 6.4% of the total London supply of serviced accommodation. Hilton follows closely with 4,662 bedrooms (Greater London Authority, 2006). Both these groups operate in the upper tier category. The Inter-Continental Group operates across the tiers with its 5-star hotel in Park Lane, 4-star Holiday Inns and the budget brand Express by Holiday Inn. Accor, with its range of brands, provides bedrooms in each category, from the 5-star Sofitel to the 4-star Novotel, 3-star Ibis and budget Formula. The main branded hotels comprise 12% of the total number of serviced establishments and 38% of the number of bedrooms in serviced accommodation. The identified branded hotels are most dominant in the high-end of the market, comprising over half of all 4 and 5 star establishments in London (Greater London Authority, 2006). The above mentioned names also will be Shangri La Londons main competitors. However, the difference between niche marketing and direct competition will prevail in this scenario. It is necessary for Shangri La to ensure that it is able to position itself well, with respect to its competitors (Etzel, Walker, Walker Stanton, 2007). The international business visitor and high spending US, Arab and Japanese leisure tourists are the main segments that Shangri La will target. As per the Greater London Authority carried out under the London government, he conference and incentive travel industry has evolved over the past few decades into a mature business sector. It is increasingly clear that businesses and associations cannot function effectively without face-to-face meetings. Over the ten years to 2004, there was a 50% increase in all business trips (with 27% of overseas visitors travelling on businesses to the UK in 2004) exceeding the overall tourism growth rate (Gilgeous Chambers, 2001). On a global scale, 16% of International tourist arrivals worldwide were for the purpose of business in 2004. For Shangri La, the discerning business and leisure travelers are the prime focus. The majority of the customers for Shangri La should hail from this segment and thus should be targeted using appropriate and relevant strategies (Young, Weiss Stewart, 2006). The positioning of Shangri La for the assigned market segments in London will be truly psychological image based positioning aiming to create a unique position in the consumers mind on the basis of the classic Asian Flavor visible prominently in the corporate culture of the organization and in the nature of the hospitality services provided.

The Actions of Judge Danforth in The Crucible Essay -- Essay on The Cr

In any community, the people rely on the power of law and justice to protect them. When the guardians of the law and order misuse their power it brings tragedy upon the town. In Arthur Miller’s The Crucible the inappropriate actions of the character of Judge Danforth, the voice of authority of the community leads to the tragedy of social disruption of the town accompanied by breakdown in communal solidarity. Firstly, throughout the play Judge Danforth acts with pride and arrogance. At the commencement of act III Judge Danforth voices his view on the ongoing phase of the witchcraft trials by stating that â€Å"Do you take it upon yourself to determine what this court shall believe and what it shall set aside?† (Miller 85). Here Danforth establishes an ultimatum to Giles Corey when he comes to defend his wife Martha Corey from the accusation of being a witch. Danforth sarcastically questions Giles Corey whether he has the authority to make any decision on the ongoing matter and thereby silences him. He makes it clear that no one else can determine what and how the court should act. In addition, the tone with which he delivers this dialogue is filled with arrogance as displayed by the movie â€Å"The crucible†. Overall, the picture profile of Judge Danforth created while saying these lines reveals his pride and haughtiness. Another instance where Judge Danforth reveals this a ttitude of his is when he snubs Francis Nurse for questioning his judgment and wisdom during the trials. In return Danforth replies â€Å" And do you know that near four hundred are in jail... upon my signature†(Miller 87) and â€Å" seventy-two condemned to hang by that signature?† (Miller 87). These lines show that Judge Danforth is proud of his actions and his power as a judg... ...and accusations. The extend to which Abigail has manipulated Judge Danforth is shown here. Danforth’s unconditional reliability in Abigail motivated the people in Salem to accused each other to save their own skins. This brought about chaos and commotion to the people of Salem. To encapsulate, the character of Judge Danforth, initially thought off as the voice of authority. A person on whom Salem depended the most, for justice. His inappropriately actions due to his misconceptions and self-righteous mentality wiped off the communal trust and social bonds of the people of Salem. Thereby making him the most responsible for the tragedy Salem. Work Cited Miller, Arthur. The crucible. New York, N.Y.: Penguin Books, 1996. Print. The Crucible. Dir. Nicholas Hytner. Perf. Daniel Day-Lewis, Winona Ryder and Paul Scofield. 20th Century Fox, 1996. DVD.

Ambiguity in Translation Essay

Abstract This paper deals with translation ambiguity and target polysemy problems together. many Words have more than one translation across languages. Such translation ambiguous words are generally translated more slowly and less Accurately than their unambiguous counterparts. Additionally, there are multiple source of translation ambiguity including within language semantic ambiguity and near synonymy, the present study examines the extent to which word context and translation dominance reduce the difficulties associated with translation ambiguity , using the primed stemming from the two source , especially translation ambiguity derived from semantic ambiguity (meaning translation ambiguity) and translation ambiguity derived from near synonymy (synonym translation ambiguity). Translation unambiguous pairs were recognized more quickly and accurately than translation ambiguous pairs. In this paper I have used qualitative and quantitative methods of research to investigate And describe ambiguities in the text translation. Key words: translation ambiguity – polysemy problems – ambiguous and unambiguous texts – qualitative and quantitative – semantic ambiguity . Introduction Ambiguity is a pervasive phenomenon in language which occurs at all levels of linguistic Analysis. Out of context, words have multiple sense and syntactic categories, requiring Listeners to determine which meaning and part of speech was intended. Morphemes may also be ambiguous out of context , as in English. Phonological forms are often mapped to multiple distinct word meaning, as in the homoPhonemes,( too , two and to). Syllables are almost always ambiguous in isolation , meanIngs that they can be interpreted as providing incomplete information about the word The speaker is intending to communicate. Syntactic and semantic ambiguity are frequent enough to present a substantial challenge To natural language processing. The fact that that ambiguity occurs on so many linguistic levels suggests that a far reachIng principle is needed to explain its origins and persistence. The existence of ambiguity Provides a puzzle for functionalist theories which attempt to explain properties of linguIstic systems in terms of communicative pressure . One might imagine that in perfect Communication system , language would completely disambiguate meaning. The communicative efficacy of language might be enhanced since there would be no danger of comprehenders incorrectly inferring the intended meaning confusion about ( who is on first) could not occur. Indeed, the existence of ambiguity in language has been argued to show that the key Structures and properties of language have not evolved for purpose of communication or Use. The natural approach has always been : is language well designed for use, understood typically as use for communication? I think that is a wrong question. The use of language for communication might turn out to be a kind of epiphenomenon. If you want to make sure that we never misunderstand one another , for that purpose language is not well designed , because you have such properties as ambiguity. If we want to have the property that the things that we usually would like to say come out Short and simple , well , it probably does not have that properties. Statement of problem Translation is a challenging activity and there are few difficulties that appear during translation process. so every language describes the word in different way and has its own grammar structure , grammar rules and syntax variance . During this process the following are the most particular problems : problems of ambiguity : these originate from structural and lexical differences between languages and multiword units like idioms and collocations. Problems of grammar : there are several constructions of grammar with rules that are poorly understood. Problems of language : these includes idiom terms neologisms , slang difficult to Understand, respect to punctuation conventions and proper name of people, organization And places. Problems of source texts: these are illegible text, spell incorrectly. It can easily be seen that language differ from one to another in terms of many ways and Not just in grammar subjects . for example, small words are hard to translate and the Meanings of common words depends on context. Besides, some words, are untranslatabLe when one wishes to remain in the same grammatical category that is why translators Face of with many problems. Another problem is that translators have a hard time to convey the same meaning to the Other language. For example: translation of literature, poems and songs are impossible To express their same meanings in another language. So these texts need to be familiar With two languages . Translation process is not only to translate the words, but also to Find ones that rhymes as well. Keep in mind , lack of vocabulary knowledge cause certain problems. for those reason Translators need and in-depth knowledge of two language to translate advanced texts and Avoid using dictionary that many times make this process very boring. The last problem is that translators will encounter complex grammar structures that they Must interpret correctly. Techniques to overcome translation problems In this part of article I have presented some techniques in brief to overcome the problems That could be useful in translation , such as : back translation , consultation and Collaboration with other people and pre testing or piloting such as interviews. Research question In case of translation ambiguity we are face with some critical questions and that most Important of them is the real meaning of ambiguity that can be designed like below questions. What does language ambiguity mean? Something is ambiguous when it can be understood in two or more possible senses or Ways . If the ambiguity is in a single word it is called lexical ambiguity, in a sentence or Clause, structural ambiguity. In the field of ambiguity we are face with two interrelated questions: 1 what is being denied? And 2 what would have been dissolved? One answer equates ambiguity within the semantic, given that equation ambiguity can be Overcome by resolving either the founding lack of clarity in the first instance or in the Second addressing and eliminating contestation posed on the level of meaning. Review of literature We tend to think of language as a clear and literal vehicle for accurately communicating ideas. But, even when we use language literally , misunderstandings arise and meanings shift . People can be intentionally or unintentionally ambiguous. Nevertheless , when someone uses a potentially ambiguous sentence or expression, usually the intention was to express only one meaning . As we know , most words can have denotations, apparent meaning , connotations and implied or hidden meaning . Also, we often use words in a figurative way. even though figurative language is more often used in poetry and fiction it is still very common in ordinary speech. Ambiguity is a poetic vehicle. It is human nature to try to find meaning within an exchange . a text is given to us and in Return we give our interpretation . Our own associations give understanding of what is Presented to us . The characteristic of the late 20th century, as well as of postmodern Literature , is that certainties are continuously called into question and thus allegory becomes a suitable form for expression. Allegory is a classic example of double discourse that avoids establishing a center within the text. Because in allegory the unity of the work is provided by something that is not explicitly there. In contrast to symbols, which are generally taken to transcend the sign itself and express The universal truths, allegories metaphors divided the sign, exposing its arbitrariness. ( I used sign here in the sense of the direct intended meaning). Thus, the allegorical impulse in contemporary literature can be seen as a reflection of the Postmodern emphasis on the reader as co-producer, since it invites the reader s active Participation in making meaning. Metaphors are indeed highly appropriate postmodern devices, because they are obvious Vehicle for ambiguity . A living metaphor always carries dual meanings, the literal or Sentence meaning and the conveyed or utterance meaning. A metaphor induces comparison , but since grounds of similarity are no t always given, Metaphors serve to emphasize the freedom of the reader as opposed to the authority of The writer . historically, we can point to Saussure as initiating the discussion related to the Arbitrariness of the sign as described in his course of general linguistics. The signifier may Stay the same but the signified will shift in relation to context. In terms of change over time, Saussure states whatever the factors involved in the change Whether they act in isolation or in combination , they always result in a shift in the relationship between the sign and the signification. Methodology Addressing qualitative and quantitative method appears to be rather ambiguous task, Especially when we consider our experience of working on the issue. On the one hand , we experienced fears that working on this topic may damage one s Reputation as a scientist: talking about oneself may appear indecent and self-aggrandizing Unless one belongs to a science studies disciplines. Additionally, the messenger maybe Called to account for the message. The message being that social sciences are inherently Structured by historical , local , social and personal characteristics of those involved in Them . anyway , we should not forget that quantitative approaches have been seen as more scientific and objective. discussion one problem with attempting to identify different kinds of lexical and semantic ambiguity is that there is not definitive consensus among commentators of how these terms should be defined . semantic ambiguity has a fairly wide range of linguistic concern . Palmer discusses ambiguity as an attribute of the discipline of semantics in general. Semantic ambiguity in Palmer s formulation would refer to potentially multiple meanings of the relations within language (sense) and relations between language and the world (reference) . In other words , it would refer to a pattern or structure of meaning of a linguistic presentation , such as a sentence , a paragraph, a poem, a novel, a scene from a movie. the ambiguity is to be found in the sense relationships of the piece as a whole or in parts of a whole . it is difficult to discuss lexical and semantic ambiguity apart from pragmatics . Because so many commentaries bring in all three kinds in their discussions. For instance , Poesio refers to semantic ambiguity as having simply a multiplicity of Meanings , but links it to the structure or grammar of a language in a way that assigns Responsibility for the ambiguity to the deliberate intent of the one who originates but Underspecified, what the language means or its rhetorical intent. tropes: metaphor, metonym, allegory, homonym, homophone, homograph, paradox these are only a few of the language figures of ( tropes) providing concepts useful to understanding ambiguity in language. Metaphor: This refers to the non-literal meaning of a word, a clause or sentence. Metaphors are very common; in fact all abstract vocabulary is metaphorical. A metaphor compares things. A metaphor established by usage and convention becomes a symbol. Thus crown suggests the power of the state, press = the print news media and chair = the control (or controller) of a meeting. metonym : a word used in place of another word or expression to convey the same meaning. (eg: the use of brass to refer to the military officer) allegory: the expression by means of symbolic fictional figures and actions of truths or generalization about human existence. homonym: when different words are pronounced , and possibly spelled the same way. (eg: to , too, two) homophone: where the pronunciation is the same but standard spelling differs , as in flew (from fly), flu ( influenza) , and flue ( of a chimney). homograph: when different words spelled identically, and possibly pronounced the same. (eg: lead the metal and lead /what leaders do). paradox: the statement that is seemingly contradictory or opposed to common sense and yet is perhaps true . a self-contradictory statement that at first seems true. an argument that apparently derives self-contradictory conclusions by valid deduction from acceptable premises. Significant of research The significant of research about ambiguity is in clearing the real meaning of a word in Different situations . as I said before a word in English and any other language has many different meanings that its real meaning depends on the situation that those words are used . one word may have different meanings in sport , medical , computer, science , military fields and so on . But translators should have much more information about the target and source language till choose the proper meaning for the used words and should be much experienced at this field and had much researches to be in perfect position of translation. Conclusion We have provided several kinds of evidence for the view that ambiguity results from a Pressure for efficient communication . we argued that any efficient communication system will necessarily be ambiguous when context is informative about meaning. The units of an efficient communication system will not redundantly specify information Provided by the context. these units will appear not to completely disambiguate meaning. Language can not exist without ambiguity , which has represented both a curse and a Blessing through the ages. Language is a very complex phenomenon. Meanings that can be taken for granted are in  Fact only the tip of a huge iceberg. Psychological , social and cultural events provide a moving ground on which those Meanings take root and expand their branches. The overlapping meanings emerge from The tropes , ways of saying something by always saying something else. in this sense ambiguity in literature has a very dark side, when important documents are interpreted in different ways , resulting in persecution, oppression , and death . the meaning in each situation appears as an effect of the underlying structure of signs. These signs themselves do not have a fixed significance, the significance only exist in the individual . sign is only what is represents for someone . Disambiguation is a key concept in computational linguistics. The paradox of how we tolerate semantic ambiguity and yet we seem to thrive on it , is a major question for this discipline . at this time , there is no computer capable of storing enough knowledge to process what human knowledge has accumulated. It can be seen, there for that ambiguity in language is both a blessing and curse. references (1) Clare, Richard Fraser. (Historian) Informal conversations about historal consequences of different interpretations of the Bible (2) Engel, S. Morris. â€Å"Fallacies & Pitfalls of Language† from Fallacies & Pitfalls of Language: The Language Trap. Ed Paperback Nov. 1994. (3) Fortier, Paul A. â€Å"Semantic Fields and Polysemy: A correspondence analysis approach† University of Manitoba. Paper. (4) Frath, Pierre â€Å"Metaphor, polysemy and usage† Universite MarcBloch, Department d’anglais. France. (5) Freud, Sigmund â€Å"El sentido antitetico de las palabras primitivas† Obras Completas Ed. Biblioteca Nueva. (6) Fromkin, Victoria/Rodman, Robert. â€Å"An introduction to language† Ed. Harcourt. (7) Hobbs, Jerry R. â€Å"Computers & Language† SRI International, Menlo Park, CA.

The Environmental Change and the Collapse of Easter Island Essay Example

The Environmental Change and the Collapse of Easter Island Essay Example The Environmental Change and the Collapse of Easter Island Paper The Environmental Change and the Collapse of Easter Island Paper these factors cannot have played an important role in the collapse of the island. Although in the book is mentioned that the Easter Islanders sometimes had visitors, these visits were not regularly enough to be considered as a big influence. The last, and probably most important, factor is how society deals with the environment. As discussed above in the damage section, the inhabitants cut down many trees for several reasons and they destroyed different animal populations. But the political, social and religious factors behind the impacts are also of importance. The Easter Island Was divided into a dozen of territories were chiefs and there commoners lived. Every territory had their task, based on their valuable resource. Between the territories was a constant competition of building the most impressive platforms and statues. Building hose statues took them not only much effort, but it also required trees for wood, rope and timber. This contributed to the deforestation of the Easter Island. Unusual was, that although the territories competed with each other, they were integrated religiously and also economically and politically. The chiefs and priests on the island had promised to deliver beautiful harvest. Once the environmental situation on the island got worse and all the food was gone, the inhabitants of the island turned to the only food left: humans. But, not only the political system was destroyed, along with the chiefs power he religion got discarded. Based on the text above we formulated the following research question: How did the environmental changes cause the collapsing of Easter Island? To begin with, we will discuss the actions of the actors on micro level and the outcomes on the macro level. The people on Easter Island needed wood for heating, cremating bodies, gardening and for building and transporting the famous Easter statues. Therefore they used the resources on the island. But, because the island had to deal with lots of bad biological conditions, there was no reproducing of trees and animals. The deforestation led to biological changes, which caused the crop yields being decreased. When the forest on the island slowly disappeared, so did the sources of wild food. The most animal species on the island, in the air, and in the water surrounding it, became completely extinct due to a combination of overheating, deforestation, and predation by rats. After this environmental change, the inhabitants did not have enough resources left and because of the bad conditions they looked for alternatives like cannibalism. The cannibalism in combination with the lack of wood and food caused the decreasing of the population and the collapse of Easter Island. Coming back to our research question, we can state that the environmental change at Easter Island was mainly due to the behavior of the actors and not immediately caused by the initial conditions. The initial condition was the prosper of the island. There were enough resources for everyone, which allowed the statues to be made. People of the island were used to a high standard of life which meant they used a lot of resources and reproduced themselves, which allowed the population to grow. However, the people did tot consider the fact that the island was not able to reproduce enough resources.